Dengan lafaz BISMILLAH..lakaran Warkah Pengikat HATI EMAS ini dimulakan..buat peringatan diri yang serba kekhilafan ini.
ALHAMDULILLAH.. Terima kasih Ya ALLAH atas nikmat Ihsan, Iman dan Islam anugerah teragungMU Ya ALLAH..
Puji dan puja kepada ALLAH SWT, TUHAN pemilik kata-kata yang benar, indah dan tersusun. Selawat dan salam kepada Nabi MUHAMMAD SAW yang apabila berkata-kata bukan daripada nafsu tetapi segala-galanya berpandukan wahyu. Lalu, kata-katanya sentiasa singkat dan tepat.
Status of Occurrence of Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) in Western Johor Strait.
Introduction
Johor Strait separates the island of Singapore from Peninsular Malaysia over a distance of about 50 km between the estuaries of Sungai Pulai to the west and Sungai Johor to the east. The strait is divided by the Causeway linking Singapore to mainland Malaysia. One of the concerns is the occurrence of cultural eutrophication and harmful algal blooms (HABs). Cultural eutrophication is caused by excessive nutrient inputs which lead to the proliferation of phytoplankton. Several problems may arise, including the depletion of dissolved oxygen as the plant biomass decays and/or the production of toxins from harmful algal blooms (HABs). The incidence of eutrophication of coastal waters in South East Asia has increased dramatically in recent years, coinciding with increases in loading from domestic and industrial effluents. For example, occurrences of harmful algal blooms have been reported in Hong Kong (Lam and Ho, 1989, Ho and Hodgkiss, 1995), Philippines (Estudillo et al., 1984, Bajarias and Relox, 1996), Brunei (Jaafar et al., (1989), Papua New Guinea (Maclean, 1989), Sabah in East Malaysia (Ting and Wong 1989) and possibly the Malacca Straits of West Malaysia (Usup et al., 2002) and Indonesia (Azanza and Taylor, 2001). The need to establish baseline characteristics and to understand the potential for eutrophication is particularly important for Singapore as it continues to expand its coastal developments.
A traditional technique was employed to determine the structure of the phytoplankton community such as extracted chlorophyll measurements, in addition to overall biomass levels. While field measurements are important for understanding baseline conditions and explaining past trends, they are not as useful for prediction. Thus, a numerical model should be developed to assist coastal managers in the assessment of eutrophication issues.
The Johor Strait to the north of Singapore Island is an even narrower channel, typically 1.8 km wide. The Johor causeway connects Malaysia and Singapore and divides the strait into the eastern and western parts. The causeway limits the flow of water and essentially divides the strait into two separate semi- enclosed water bodies, i.e., the West Johor Strait and East Johor Strait with the large Malaysian city of Johor Bahru situated along the northern shoreline.
The climate of Singapore is typically wet equatorial, with high temperatures and large amounts of rainfall throughout the year. Although the local climate is relatively uniform, it is modified by the Southeast Asian monsoon regime, which introduces variations in wind speed and direction, cloudiness, rain and dry seasons over the year. The North-East Monsoon period falls between December and February and is characterized by heavy rains and winds from the north-east. The South-West Monsoon, between the months of June and August, is the drier monsoon with winds driven from the south and south-west. The two Inter-Monsoon periods (March-May; September-November) are periods of relative calm with intermittent rains and weak and variable winds. The oceanic circulation patterns driven by the monsoon winds play an important role in determining the distribution of plankton and other environmental parameters in the Singapore and Johor Straits.
The first recorded survey of plankton in Singapore waters was undertaken in the 1950s (Tham, 1953); a dominance of diatoms in the Singapore Strait was observed, with higher concentrations found in the Inter-Monsoon period, between April and May (2,500 cells L-1). Similar concentrations were also found in the Johor Strait and this was attributed to inflows from the Singapore Strait to the Johor Strait. A later study by Chou and Chia (1991) also confirmed the dominance of diatoms but since then, there has been no published data on phytoplankton until recently. In the last six years, detailed studies of the dynamics and composition of the phytoplankton community were undertaken using a variety of methods, ranging from microscopy, size-fractionated chlorophyll, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to flow cytometry (Gin et al., 2000; Gin et al., 2003). These different approaches help to bring out the different features of the phytoplankton community.
Abstract
Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) event have been increasingly reported in the country, not only of the frequency and severity of the events, but also involved more species than previously known. Harmful algal blooms (HABs) events have been increasingly reported in the country, not only of the frequency and severity of the events, but also involved more species than previously known. In this paper, a decadal review of HABs events in Malaysia is summarized. Bloom events caused by harmful dinoflagellate species including the shellfish poisoning events were highlighted. Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) is no longer restricted to Sabah coasts and Pyrodnium bahamense. Bloom of Alexandrium minutum was reported for the first time in the Peninsula with six persons hospitalized including one casualty after consuming the contaminated benthic clams. Algal blooms that are associated with incidence of massive fish kills have been reported from both east and west coasts of the Peninsula in conjunction to finfish mariculture loses. The culprits of these bloom events have been identified as the dinoflagellates, Cochlodinium polykrikoides, Neoceratium furca, Prorocentrum minimum, Noctiluca scintillans and a raphidophyte, Chatonella ovata. In this paper, some of these HABs species were characterized morphologically and genetically, including their toxicity. Therefore, with the increase of coastal utilization and eutrophication, prevention, management and mitigation strategies, such as site selection, moving pens, clay spraying should be adopted to minimize the impact of these natural events.
A traditional technique was employed to determine the structure of the phytoplankton community such as extracted chlorophyll measurements, in addition to overall biomass levels. While field measurements are important for understanding baseline conditions and explaining past trends, they are not as useful for prediction. Thus, a numerical model should be developed to assist coastal managers in the assessment of eutrophication issues.
The Johor Strait to the north of Singapore Island is an even narrower channel, typically 1.8 km wide. The Johor causeway connects Malaysia and Singapore and divides the strait into the eastern and western parts. The causeway limits the flow of water and essentially divides the strait into two separate semi- enclosed water bodies, i.e., the West Johor Strait and East Johor Strait with the large Malaysian city of Johor Bahru situated along the northern shoreline.
The climate of Singapore is typically wet equatorial, with high temperatures and large amounts of rainfall throughout the year. Although the local climate is relatively uniform, it is modified by the Southeast Asian monsoon regime, which introduces variations in wind speed and direction, cloudiness, rain and dry seasons over the year. The North-East Monsoon period falls between December and February and is characterized by heavy rains and winds from the north-east. The South-West Monsoon, between the months of June and August, is the drier monsoon with winds driven from the south and south-west. The two Inter-Monsoon periods (March-May; September-November) are periods of relative calm with intermittent rains and weak and variable winds. The oceanic circulation patterns driven by the monsoon winds play an important role in determining the distribution of plankton and other environmental parameters in the Singapore and Johor Straits.
The first recorded survey of plankton in Singapore waters was undertaken in the 1950s (Tham, 1953); a dominance of diatoms in the Singapore Strait was observed, with higher concentrations found in the Inter-Monsoon period, between April and May (2,500 cells L-1). Similar concentrations were also found in the Johor Strait and this was attributed to inflows from the Singapore Strait to the Johor Strait. A later study by Chou and Chia (1991) also confirmed the dominance of diatoms but since then, there has been no published data on phytoplankton until recently. In the last six years, detailed studies of the dynamics and composition of the phytoplankton community were undertaken using a variety of methods, ranging from microscopy, size-fractionated chlorophyll, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to flow cytometry (Gin et al., 2000; Gin et al., 2003). These different approaches help to bring out the different features of the phytoplankton community.
Map of Singapore showing the locations of sampling sites
in the Singapore Strait and Johor Strait.
Harmful Algal Blooms in Malaysian Waters
Abstract
Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) event have been increasingly reported in the country, not only of the frequency and severity of the events, but also involved more species than previously known. Harmful algal blooms (HABs) events have been increasingly reported in the country, not only of the frequency and severity of the events, but also involved more species than previously known. In this paper, a decadal review of HABs events in Malaysia is summarized. Bloom events caused by harmful dinoflagellate species including the shellfish poisoning events were highlighted. Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) is no longer restricted to Sabah coasts and Pyrodnium bahamense. Bloom of Alexandrium minutum was reported for the first time in the Peninsula with six persons hospitalized including one casualty after consuming the contaminated benthic clams. Algal blooms that are associated with incidence of massive fish kills have been reported from both east and west coasts of the Peninsula in conjunction to finfish mariculture loses. The culprits of these bloom events have been identified as the dinoflagellates, Cochlodinium polykrikoides, Neoceratium furca, Prorocentrum minimum, Noctiluca scintillans and a raphidophyte, Chatonella ovata. In this paper, some of these HABs species were characterized morphologically and genetically, including their toxicity. Therefore, with the increase of coastal utilization and eutrophication, prevention, management and mitigation strategies, such as site selection, moving pens, clay spraying should be adopted to minimize the impact of these natural events.
Abstrak
Laporan kejadian ledakan alga berbahaya (HAB) yang kian meningkat bukan sahaja daripada segi kekerapan kejadian, tetapi juga melibatkan lebih banyak spesies yang tidak diketahui sebelumnya. Dalam kertas ini, pelbagai kejadian HAB pada dekad yang lepas telah dirumuskan. Kejadian ledakan akibat dinoflageat yang berbahaya dan keracunan kerang-kerangan juga dititik beratkan. Keracunan kerang-kerangan yang melumpuhkan (PSP) tidak lagi tertumpu hanya pada perairan Sabah dan Pyrodinium bahamense. Ledakan Alexandrium minutum telah dilaporkan untuk kali pertama di perairan Semenanjung dan menyebabkan enam mangsa keracunan akibat termakan lokan tercemar. Satu kes kematian direkodkan. Ledakan alga juga menyebabkan kejadian kematian ikan secara besar-besaran dan kerugian marikultur di perairan timur dan barat Semenanjung. Organisma penyebab kejadian tersebut telah dikenal pasti sebagai dinoflagelat; Chlocodinium polykrikoides, Prorocentrum minimum dan Noctiluca scintillans serta satu rafidofit; Chatonella ovata. Sebahagian daripada spesies HAB tersebut telah dikenal pasti secara morfologi, genetik dan toksisiti. Oleh itu, dengan peningkatan penggunaan perairan pantai dan proses eutrofikasi, strategi pencegahan, pengurusan dan mitigasi seperti pemilihan lokasi, pemindahan sangkar, penyemburan tanah liat harus diguna pakai dalam usaha meminimumkan impak kejadian semula jadi ini.
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Ini aku. Ada kurangnya. Banyak lemahnya. Tidak pandai aku berpura-pura.. apatah lagi berlagak sempurna.
Untuk engkau, terima aku seadanya atau pergi sahaja jika tidak suka. Aku tidak akan memaksa kerana aku juga tidak suka dipaksa.
Sungguh. Membentuk orang lain bagai bermain dengan ais. Lelah aku mengukir namun akhirnya ia tetap cair. Maaf. Harapanmu terlalu tinggi dan aku telah lelah mendaki. Lalu cukuplah sampai di sini.
Biar aku dengan duniaku.
Jangan diganggu.
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#ALHAMDULILLAH.. Allah Tempat Meminta ..18-07-1437H | 26-04-2016M 10:58 SELASA
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